How Washington is positioning Syrian Al-Qaeda's founder as its 'asset'
BEN NORTON AND MAX BLUMENTHAL.JUNE 9, 2021
The Grayzone
A PBS Frontline special is the latest vehicle in a PR campaign to legitimize
rebranded Syrian al-Qaeda, HTS, and market its leader Mohammad Jolani as a
competent American "asset."
March 2021 marked the 10th anniversary of the Western regime-change war on
Syria. And after a decade of grueling conflict, Washington is still
maneuvering to extend its longstanding relationship with the Salafi-jihadist
militants fighting Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
With the northeastern province of Idlib under the control of a
self-proclaimed "Syrian Salvation Government" led by the rebranded version
of Syria's al-Qaeda franchise, and protected under the military aegis of
NATO member state Turkey, powerful elements from Brussels to Washington have
been working to legitimize its leader.
This June, PBS Frontline aired a special, "The Jihadist," featuring a
sit-down interview with Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, de facto president of the
"Syrian Salvation Government" and founder of the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda
originally called Jabhat al-Nusra, today re-branded as Hay-at Tahrir
al-Sham, or HTS.
Syrian Al Qaeda leader Mohammad al-Jolani (L) with PBS Frontline's Martin
Smith
Having traded in his battlefield garb for a freshly pressed suit, Jolani was
presented with the once unthinkable opportunity to market himself to a
Western audience and pledge that his forces pose no threat to the US
homeland because they were merely focused on waging war against Syria's
"loyalist" population.
The PBS correspondent who conducted the interview, Martin Smith, previously
starred in a 2015 PBS special, "Inside Assad's Syria," which presented a US
audience with a rare and relatively objective look at life inside Syrian
government-controlled territory, as insurgents backed by NATO and Gulf
monarchies encircled and terrorized its population.
Whether or not he realized it, when Smith returned to Syria this March to
meet Jolani, he was on more than a journalistic field expedition. A network
of think tanks and Beltway foreign policy veterans were engaged in a
simultaneous push to remove Jolani and his militant faction HTS from the
State Department's list of designated terrorist groups.
This would open the door for international acceptance of his de facto
government in Idlib, which regime-change advocates view as an important
piece of leverage against Damascus, and as a human warehouse for the
millions of refugees languishing there.
In turn, the audacious PR campaign would consolidate a branch of the
organization responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United
States into a de facto US asset.
The campaign to normalize Jolani was publicly initiated by the International
Crisis Group, a Brussels-based think tank with close ties to the Biden
administration and NATO. By the time of Smith's interview, operatives from a
network of Gulf-funded, pro-Israel think tanks had spent years quietly
lobbying for Washington to support al-Qaeda's Syrian franchise, and
succeeded in securing shipments of weapons from the CIA to some of its
battlefield allies.
Though figures involved in this coordinated lobbying push were featured in
Smith's PBS Frontline report, they were presented to viewers as
dispassionate analysts or former officials with no ulterior interests.
Framed as hard news yet shaped by one of the most insidious public relations
campaigns in recent history, the nationally broadcast PBS special provided
an effective vehicle for rehabilitating a jihadist leader and perpetuating
the decades-long dirty war against Syria.
Whitewashing US and foreign support for Syria's extremist insurgency
When Muhammad Jolani first crossed the Syrian-Iraqi border in 2012 with a
small detachment of fighters, he belonged officially to al-Qaeda in
Mesopotamia, an extremist group responsible for countless attacks on US
military occupiers and Shia civilians across Iraq.
Upon their thrust into Syria, Jolani's forces enabled the late
self-proclaimed leader of the caliphate, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to establish
his Islamic State, or ISIS, in the northeastern city of Raqqa. A feud over
strategy and finances soon prompted Jolani to split from the Islamic State
and establish Jabhat al-Nusra, the Syrian franchise of al-Qaeda, with the
explicit blessing of the jihadist group's global leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri.
Martin Smith recounted this history in his PBS Frontline report, albeit
briefly, while neglecting any mention of the scandalous covert US operation
that made Nusra's rise possible.
Smith, for instance, neglected mention of the prescient August 2012 Defense
Intelligence Agency (DIA) assessment which stated clearly that "the
Salafist, the Muslim Brotherhood, and AQI [al-Qaeda in Iraq] are the major
forces driving the insurgency in Syria," and that the Western-backed
opposition would likely create a "Salafist principality in eastern Syria" if
weapons were placed in the hands of anti-Assad Islamist militants.
Despite the warning, in 2013, the CIA launched Operation Timber Sycamore, an
arm-and-equip program that funneled up to $1 billion per year (one out of
every $15 in the CIA's budget) into material support for an armed opposition
thoroughly dominated by Islamist extremists. It was the agency's largest
covert operation since a similar initiative in Afghanistan in the 1980s,
which gave birth to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
Just as the DIA predicted, an extremist "Salafist principality" took root in
northeastern Syria, while Al Qaeda's local franchise quickly emerged as the
dominant force within the armed opposition.
Nusra militants - including a former fighters of the CIA-created "Free
Syrian Army" - were filmed cutting open the chests of Syrian soldiers,
tearing their hearts out, and eating the organs raw (while receiving
sympathetic media coverage from the BBC).
Syrian rebel eating heart Abu Sakkar
Abu Sakkar, a former CIA-backed Free Syrian Army militant who later joined
al-Qaeda, eating the raw heart of a soldier
As it seized control of the Idlib province and moved to take Damascus, Nusra
earned a reputation for grisly suicide attacks and executions, while
instituting a medieval-style theocratic regime in the areas it controlled.
An undercover 2017 documentary filmed by local residents, "Undercover
Idlib," exposed the dystopia that unfolded under Nusra control, with all
non-religious music and public celebrations banned, the wearing of colorful
headscarves outlawed, and Druze and Christian residents killed or forced to
convert at gunpoint.
Rather than being uprooted from its "safe haven," Nusra was encouraged by
its NATO-aligned sponsors to rebrand and superficially distance itself from
al-Qaeda so it could survive. First, in 2016, the al-Qaeda franchise changed
its name to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, then morphed into Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
(HTS) the following year.
Under tutelage from Turkey, which controlled the northern border of Idlib,
HTS subsequently formed the "Syrian Salvation Government," and embarked on a
PR campaign for international legitimacy.
Mohammad Jolani announces the formation of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, formerly
Jabhat al-Nusra, in 2016
Syria's rebranded Al Qaeda branch courts Western media
In 2020, Idlib's "Salvation Government" established a media relations office
to assist the entry of Western journalists and provide them with fixers to
guide them in its territory. While independent reporters (including the
co-author of this article) have been subjected to waves of online abuse by
mainstream Western correspondents for visiting Damascus, a New York Times
tour of Idlib that was openly managed by al-Qeada's Syrian affiliate took
place without a hint of criticism.
Martin Smith's March 2021 visit to Idlib was a similarly guided venture. His
report on Jolani blended interview footage with scenes of the HTS leader
pressing the flesh with residents of Idlib City, conveying the image of a
popular retail politician stumping for local office.
Mohammad Jolani greeting locals around Idlib as a PBS Frontline crew films
Idlib "does not represent a threat to the security of Europe and America.
This region is not a staging ground for executing foreign jihad," Jolani
reassured Smith. Over the past decade, he added, "we haven't posed any
threat to the West."
In the interview, Smith focused entirely on whether Jolani would attack the
West or not, demonstrating a near-total lack of interest in the lives of the
millions of Syrians trapped under HTS' neo-feudal rule in Idlib, and the
minority groups threatened by its sectarian violence in nearby areas.
Dressed in a pressed shirt and blazer suitable for any job interview, Jolani
rattled off rhetoric about the "Syrian revolution," while stressing that his
Salafi-jihadist brethren and Washington shared a common goal: regime change
in Damascus.
Abu Mohammad al-Jolani HTS Syria PBS
The leader of rebranded Syrian al-Qaeda, Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, doing a
friendly interview with PBS in Idlib
Days after Smith left Idlib, HTS stoned three women to death as punishment
for alleged adultery. It was far from the first public execution carried out
by the group. Back when it was still known as Nusra, the al-Qaeda affiliate
shot a woman in the head in the middle of a plaza in Idlib because she, too,
had been accused of adultery.
None of these gruesome events were mentioned in Smith's June 2021 PBS
report, which represented the culmination of a years-long campaign to
normalize HTS control in northeastern Syria.
Al Qaeda Al Nusra Idlib execution woman adultery
Syria's al-Qaeda affiliate Jabhat al-Nusra executing a woman in public in
Idlib in 2015 after she was accused of adultery
"Al Qaeda has really got it right"
A powerful Brussels-based think tank that is funded by Western governments
helped ignite the PR campaign to legitimize HTS with a highly sympathetic
2020 "conversation" with Jolani.
The think tank behind the whitewash, the International Crisis Group, gets
the plurality of its funding from the European Union, Germany, France, and
Australia, among other countries. It is effectively a Western intelligence
cutout, and has consistently, over years, advocated for more Western
military intervention in Syria.
The Crisis Group revealed that it had "[spoken] with Jolani in Idlib for
four hours in late January" of 2020 while it pushed a narrative that he had
become a new man.
"Following a series of rebranding efforts and internal transformations,
Jolani told us, HTS presents itself today as a local group, independent of
al-Qaeda's chain of command, with a strictly Syrian, not a transnational,
Islamist agenda," the think tank wrote.
The softball interview was promoted by prominent members of the Syria
regime-change lobby, including an Israeli fellow at the neoconservative,
Washington DC-based Newlines Institute, Elizabeth Tsurkov, who has emerged
as a de facto jihadi whisperer of the US and Israeli foreign policy nexus.
Tsurkov complimented the extremist rulers of Idlib, writing, "HTS is
arguably the most pragmatic al-Qaeda offshoot to exist."
Then there was Ken Roth, the executive director of Human Rights Watch (HRW),
a billionaire oligarch-funded NGO that frequently promotes sanctions and
regime-change operations against governments that have been targeted by
Washington, from Syria to Venezuela, China to Nicaragua, Belarus to Bolivia.
Roth took to Twitter twice to promote the International Crisis Group's
interview with Jolani. Both of his tweets demonized the Syrian government
and its ally Russia while making no mention of the array of crimes committed
by the Salafi-jihadist militia in Idlib.
Roth's message was clear: liberal interventionists in the Western human
rights industry were on board with the HTS rebranding campaign.
In February 2021, the International Crisis Group published a follow-up paper
explicitly aimed at convincing policy makers to remove the rebranded Syrian
al-Qaeda franchise from the State Department's list of terrorist
organizations.
"HTS's continued status as a 'terrorist' organisation (as designated by the
U.S., Russia, the UN Security Council and Turkey) presents a major
obstacle," lamented the authors of the absurdly titled paper, "In Syria's
Idlib, Washington's Chance to Reimagine Counter-terrorism."
A co-author of the document, Syria consultant Noah Bonsey, called for
Western policymakers to show more "nuance" on the rebranded al-Qaeda
extremists.
The thrust of the think tank's argument was that, unlike ISIS and other
al-Qaeda affiliates, "HTS has distanced itself from transnational attacks
and the militants who advocate for them." In other words, the extremist
group's campaign of violence is acceptable as long as it stays focused on
the Syrian government and its allies - not on targets in Western countries.
The usual suspects enthusiastically promoted the policy paper, including the
former Israeli soldier, Tsurkov.
Perhaps the most influential member of the Syria regime-change lobby on
Washington's K Street, Charles Lister, happily promoted the proposal as
well.
The British pundit, who does not speak Arabic, has spent years advocating
for Syria's Islamist extremist occupation from within think tanks such as
the Brookings Doha Center and Middle East Institute, which are funded by
theocratic Gulf monarchies.
During a 2017 panel discussion at NATO's de facto think tank, the Atlantic
Council, Lister described Idlib as "the heartland of al-Nusra,"
acknowledging that "Al-Qaeda's relative success in Syria has seen its
ideology and its narrative mainstreamed, not just in parts of Syria, but
also in parts of the region."
At a subsequent 2018 Capitol Hill panel discussion aimed at gathering
congressional support for military intervention, Lister gushed about Nusra,
"Al Qaeda has really got it right, I hate to say. Their strategy is so much
more effective on the ground. They are winning hearts and minds."
Lister has even celebrated Jolani as an Islamist version of Che Guevara who
"goes deep on modern Arab political history." As for HTS, Lister praised
them as "a more politically mature and intelligent jihadist movement."
Rankled by the successful advocacy by Lister and his Gulf monarchy-backed
colleagues for arming Islamist fanatics in Syria, Brett McGurk, the former
US special envoy against ISIS, grumbled to a reporter that the think tankers
"got a lot of people killed."
By 2021, Lister was comfortable enough to call for the rebranded al-Nusra
franchise to become an official Western asset.
James Jeffrey Turkey
US special envoy on Syria James Jeffrey with Turkey's defense minister in
Ankara in 2019
James Jeffrey and Andrew Tabler's undisclosed Turkish and Israeli ties
The PBS Frontline special on Jolani provided an uncritical platform to James
Jeffrey, the former US special representative for Syria engagement, and
Andrew Tabler, a de facto Israel lobbyist and think tank pundit, presenting
them to viewers as serious Syria experts without disclosing their
longstanding ties to two of the most pernicious foreign backers of Syria's
Islamist insurgency.
HTS is "the least bad option of the various options on Idlib, and Idlib is
one of the most important places in Syria, which is one of the most
important places right now in the Middle East," Jeffrey declared to
Frontline's Martin Smith. He was finally acknowledging what was already well
known in foreign policy circles but which few dared to say out loud:
Washington has been allied with al-Qaeda in Syria.
The United States has not had formal diplomatic relations with Syria for
years. Damascus formally broke contact with Washington in 2012 over its
support for armed militants seeking to overthrow the country's
internationally recognized government.
The absence of diplomatic relations has led to the appointment of a series
of US special envoys. One of the most influential, and aggressively
interventionist, of these envoys has been Jeffrey.
When mainstream US media outlets mention Jeffrey, they are often careful to
stress that he has served in both Republican and Democratic administrations,
branding him as a bipartisan figure with extensive experience working at
diplomatic posts in the Middle East.
What is almost never mentioned in the many glowing media portraits of
Jeffrey, however, is his deep commitment to strengthening ties with Turkey,
his close personal ties to the government in Ankara, and his fellowship with
one of the most influential pro-Israel think tanks in Washington.
From 2013 to 2018, Jeffrey was a "distinguished fellow" at the Washington
Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), a DC-based think tank that
effectively serves as a cutout for Israeli intelligence. There, Jeffrey
co-authored policy papers with neoconservative operatives such as Dennis
Ross, advocating for hardline anti-Iran positions and even more US
intervention in the Middle East.
While presenting Tehran as the "biggest challenge" for the United States,
Jeffrey has been an enthusiastic advocate of closer cooperation with the
Turkish government. In a report at WINEP, he maintained that "Turkey is one
of the most important countries for the United States overall, and of
central importance for U.S. policy."
Jeffrey called for Washington to build deeper ties with President Recep
Tayyip Erdogan, who he noted is "the most powerful Turkish leader since
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk established the Turkish republic in 1923." Jeffrey
warned that failing to do so could inspire Ankara to improve its relations
with longtime rival Russia.
James Jeffrey Erdogan Syria
Top US diplomat James Jeffrey with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Alongside the United States, Turkey has played a pivotal role in the
regime-change war on Syria. Ankara worked with the CIA to create training
camps inside Turkish territory, while southern Turkey became the de facto
base for Syria's political opposition in exile, with cities like Gaziantep
serving as a hub for Western intelligence agencies and their assets.
For years, Erdogan maintained an open border with his southern neighbor,
allowing tens of thousands of hardened Salafi-jihadists from around the
world to enter Syria and wage war on the Assad government. This arrangement,
known informally as the "jihadi highway," allowed the Syrian opposition's
foreign sponsors to send billions of dollars worth of advanced weapons,
including anti-tank missiles. It also gave extremist insurgents free rein to
go back and forth across the porous border, seeking reinforcements and
escaping retaliations by Damascus.
Ankara directly supported fanatical Islamist groups inside Syria, playing a
"double game" with ISIS and effectively turning al-Qaeda affiliate Jabhat
al-Nusra into a proxy.
The Turkish military has illegally invaded Syrian sovereign territory
several times since 2016, and Ankara military occupies parts of Idlib and
northern Syria. The rebranded al-Qaeda extremists who run Idlib, HTS,
collaborate openly with the Turkish military.
Jeffrey publicly broadcasted his pro-Ankara views when, in March 2020, he
and then US Ambassador to United Nations Kelly Craft visited Turkey on a
joint trip. On the southern border with Syria, the two diplomats posed for a
photo op with the Western government-funded White Helmets, while calling for
the overthrow of President Bashar al-Assad and reaffirming Washington's
support for Turkey's policy in Idlib.
James Jeffrey Kelly Craft Turkey Syria White Helmets
US Syria envoy James Jeffrey and UN Ambassador Kelly Craft in southern
Turkey, posing with the White Helmets, in March 2020
A few weeks before the visit, Jeffrey conducted an interview on Turkish TV
that was republished by the US embassy. The US special envoy on Syria
enthusiastically defended Ankara's military occupation of parts of Idlib:
"There the United States totally agrees with Turkey on the legal presence
and justification for Turkey defending its existential interests against
refugee flow and dealing with terror and finding a solution to the terrible
Syrian conflict with the war criminal regime of President Assad. We
understand and support these legitimate Turkish interests that have Turkish
forces in Syria and specifically in Idlib."
Jeffrey later admitted that he had lied to then-President Trump about the
number of troops in Syria to prevent a total withdrawal. "We were always
playing shell games to not make clear to our leadership how many troops we
had there," he boasted to the military website Defense One.
A 2019 report in Foreign Policy identified Jeffrey, alongside
neoconservative operative and former National Security Advisor John Bolton,
as part of a group of anti-Iran hawks who "repeatedly sought to reverse
Trump's Syria withdrawal over nearly two years, culminating in a disastrous
Turkish invasion that has destabilized the region."
Foreign Policy explained: "Jeffrey began making plans to stay in
northeastern Syria indefinitely as an obstacle to Assad's attempts to
consolidate power. In particular, Jeffrey's team aimed to deny the Syrian
president and his Iranian backers access to the coveted oil fields in Deir
Ezzor province, which are mostly under SDF control."
Despite Jeffrey's relentless advocacy for more Turkish control in northern
Syria, PBS Frontline's Martin Smith portrayed him as an objective expert who
was delivering clinical policy analysis uncorrupted by any ulterior
political interest.
Similarly, Smith interviewed Andrew Tabler, who offered effusive praise for
Turkey's role in Idlib. Though Tabler works for the same pro-Israel
Washington Institute for Near East Policy which employed Jeffrey for years,
Smith presented him to viewers as a former journalist with years of supposed
expertise on Syria.
In fact, Tabler has aggressively advocated a US regime-change war on Syria
during apparently paid Israel lobby lectures like the one he delivered to
the Israel Club of Florida's Valencia Isles.
"The United States needs to develop and execute a plan to develop its Sunni
allies' spheres of influence in Syria to help retake and stabilize those
areas from ISIS and al Qaeda," Tabler told his pro-Israel audience.
"However, such an operation will only succeed if Washington not only
maintains its goal of al-Assad stepping aside, but adds a military component
to the strategy as well."
WINEP's Andrew Tabler at the Valencia Isles Israel Club, October 15, 2015
Both Israel and Turkey have played central roles in destabilizing Syria from
its north and south. And in Washington, figures like Jeffrey and Tabler have
helped advance the interests of these two religiously sectarian human rights
violators with zealous dedication.
But none of this context was provided to viewers of Smith's PBS Frontline
special on Jolani, leaving them with the impression that the two
regime-change lobbyists were merely a couple of seasoned and unbiased
analysts.
"Well, it's complicated": A PBS reporter on Jolani's record as Al Qaeda
leader
The June 2021 release of Smith's PBS Frontline report prompted an exuberant
Twitter victory lap by Lister, who erupted in quasi-orgasmic celebration at
the portrayal of HTS as a "semi-technocratic 'govt'", and touted his own 10
years of work whitewashing the exploits of its jihadist founders.
Though Jolani's de facto job interview with the US government was received
positively inside the Beltway, an independent interviewer managed to
challenge Smith on his approach.
He was Scott Horton, the Austin, Texas-based libertarian anti-war author and
Pacifica radio host. In an interview with Smith before the full PBS special
appeared, Horton asked Smith if he confronted Jolani about his militia's
record of slaughtering members of Syria's Druze religious minority who
refused to convert to Islam, or the vicious theocratic regime he operated
from East Aleppo to Idlib.
Smith responded with spin that sounded like damage control for al-Nusra:
"Jolani says that a lot of mistakes were made," the journalist said. Later,
he insisted, "Well, it's complicated," when challenged about Jolani's
rampage of sectarian violence.
HTS is "considerably different" from al-Qaeda, Smith maintained, and "don't
participate in large-scale attacks against civilians." He even insisted that
Jolani had pledged protect the rights of Druze, Christians, and other
religious minorities - although all have been ethnically cleansed from Idlib
or forced to convert.
Finally, Smith claimed that Syria's secular president was exponentially
worse than the rebranded al-Qaeda leader, whose forces permitted no one but
Sunni Muslims to exist under their rule. "There is no comparison between
Assad and Jolani," he argued.
In one of his only direct criticisms of HTS in the interview with Horton,
Smith conceded that HTS' prisons "can be pretty nasty places," adding in
another massive understatement that Jolani "still runs a pretty tough ship."
However, the PBS reporter insisted that Jolani never affiliated with
al-Qaeda because of ideology, but rather because of the terrorist group's
powerful "branding."
"At this point they're trying to get the West to warm up to them," Smith
conceded. "They are engaged now in an ongoing effort to try to set up
dialogue with the West; they would like to have the terrorism designation
lifted."
Smith insisted that despite the ongoing public relations campaign on HTS's
behalf, he was not a participant in it. "The Americans are tired of wars in
the Middle East," the journalist claimed, implying that Jolani is someone
the imperial planners in Washington can rely on to leave in charge.
Whether or not he was wittingly complicit, Martin Smith and his PBS
Frontline report represented the culmination of the Washington-led lobbying
campaign to clean up Syrian al-Qaeda's image and secure its status as a
respectable US proxy.
Lindsey Snell, an American independent journalist who was held captive by
Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria, scoffed at the public relations campaign waged on
behalf of HTS by American media and think tanks. In an interview with The
Grayzone, Snell said HTS still upholds the same ideology as ISIS, but has
decided to appeal to the West in order to preserve its influence in Idlib
while pocketing millions of dollars a month in international aid and oil
money.
"Actually, their rebranding campaign started when I was their captive,"
Snell told The Grayzone. "They changed their name for the first time and
they announced their split from Al Qaeda when I was their captive. And of
course, it didn't actually change anything."
"To this day most of them still call themselves 'Nusra,'" Snell added.
"Their split from Al Qaeda was really just a cosmetic, surface level thing
and they're still the same terrorists inflicting Sharia law on everyone in
their territories."